Five Steps to Becoming a U.S. Citizen

Becoming a U.S. citizen is a life-changing milestone. It's not just about getting a passport or gaining access to a better job market, but about participating in the democratic process, enjoying civil liberties, and accessing full legal protections in the United States. But what does it take to become a U.S. citizen? Below, we break down the five critical steps that one must follow to make this dream a reality, along with some practical tips to avoid common pitfalls.

Step 5: The Oath of Allegiance – A Pledge to America
Let's start from the moment that will define your new status—taking the Oath of Allegiance. This is the last step, but it is by no means insignificant. After completing all the other steps, you will be invited to a naturalization ceremony, where you will officially become a U.S. citizen. This event is both solemn and emotional for many. The U.S. government organizes naturalization ceremonies in courthouses, public parks, and even iconic landmarks. You’ll stand alongside other immigrants, sharing the same goal—becoming an American.

During this ceremony, you will pledge to "support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States." This means you're making a lifelong commitment to this country and its democratic principles. Pro tip: Dress appropriately and bring a camera, because this moment is one to be remembered forever. Also, make sure all your documentation is correct and ready to be submitted at the ceremony.

Why is this step so important? It's not just about words—it's about formally becoming part of the American community. The oath signifies loyalty, dedication, and a willingness to uphold the values of the United States. After this ceremony, you will receive a Certificate of Naturalization, and from that point onward, you are a full U.S. citizen.

Step 4: Pass the Citizenship Interview and Exam – Be Prepared
To get to the point of taking the oath, you must first pass the citizenship interview and exam. This is the second most crucial phase in your journey, and it's where many applicants stumble. But don’t worry—with the right preparation, you can easily overcome this hurdle.

The interview consists of two parts: one that focuses on your application (Form N-400) and one that tests your knowledge of U.S. history, government, and English. Let's break these down:

• Application Review: An officer will review your Form N-400, which you submitted earlier in the process. They will ask questions about your background, moral character, and whether you have upheld the values expected of U.S. residents (such as paying taxes). Tip: Answer truthfully and keep all your paperwork handy. The more organized you are, the smoother this process will be.

• Civics and English Test: The civics test will challenge your knowledge of U.S. government structure, history, and symbols. This may include questions like, "Who was the first president of the United States?" or "What are the first 10 amendments to the Constitution called?" You’ll need to correctly answer 6 out of 10 questions to pass. Pro tip: Study early! Many free resources are available, including practice tests from the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).

The English portion includes reading, writing, and speaking tests. Most applicants are required to demonstrate an ability to read a short passage, write a sentence, and speak in English during the interview. If English isn't your first language, consider investing in a language course or taking ESL classes before you begin the process.

Step 3: Biometrics Appointment – What to Expect
A few weeks after submitting your Form N-400, you will receive an appointment notice for biometrics. This step is relatively straightforward but often causes anxiety because it involves the collection of your fingerprints, photo, and signature. Biometrics are used to run background checks and ensure that you do not have a criminal history or other issues that may disqualify you from citizenship.

Here's what to expect:

• You will be asked to visit an Application Support Center (ASC) where the biometrics process takes place.
• Be on time, and bring identification such as your passport, green card, and biometrics appointment notice.
• The process itself is quick—usually no more than 30 minutes—and painless.

Pro tip: Make sure your fingerprints are clear. If you have cuts or abrasions, reschedule your appointment for when they heal. Clear prints will ensure that your background check proceeds without delays.

Step 2: Submit Form N-400 – The Application Process
This is where the rubber meets the road. Form N-400 is the Application for Naturalization, and it's the most important document you'll submit in your citizenship journey. Make sure you fill it out accurately and completely. Even a small mistake can delay the process by months. Here’s what you need to know:

• Eligibility: Before submitting, ensure that you meet the basic eligibility criteria. This includes having a green card for at least five years (or three years if you’re married to a U.S. citizen), being over 18, and maintaining continuous residency in the U.S.
• Documentation: Along with the form, you’ll need to submit several supporting documents, such as a copy of your green card, passport-sized photos, and proof of residency.
• Filing Fees: As of 2024, the filing fee for Form N-400 is $725, which includes both the application processing fee and the biometrics fee. Some individuals may be eligible for a fee waiver based on income.
• Timeline: After submitting your application, you’ll likely have to wait several months to a year before being scheduled for an interview. Pro tip: Submit everything online via the USCIS website if possible—this can speed up the process.

Step 1: Green Card – The Gateway to Citizenship
Becoming a U.S. citizen starts long before you submit Form N-400. First, you need to have a green card (also known as lawful permanent residence). For many immigrants, this is the most challenging part of the process. Without a green card, you cannot apply for citizenship.

There are several paths to obtaining a green card, such as:

• Family Sponsorship: If you have a close family member who is a U.S. citizen or permanent resident, they can petition for you.
• Employment-Based Green Cards: Certain jobs and skill sets qualify individuals for a green card, especially if a U.S. employer sponsors you.
• Asylum and Refugee Status: If you have fled persecution in your home country, you may be granted asylum and eventually a green card.
• Diversity Visa Lottery: Each year, the U.S. government runs a lottery, granting 50,000 green cards to people from countries with low rates of immigration to the United States.

Once you have your green card, you need to live in the U.S. continuously for five years before applying for naturalization (or three years if you are married to a U.S. citizen). During this time, it’s essential to avoid anything that could jeopardize your status, such as committing crimes or spending extended periods outside the U.S.

Pro tip: Keep your green card current. If it’s set to expire soon, renew it well in advance of your naturalization application.

Becoming a U.S. citizen is a long, complicated journey, but the rewards are immense. From the ability to vote to the security of knowing you cannot be deported, the benefits of U.S. citizenship far outweigh the challenges of getting there.

By understanding and preparing for each of these five steps—obtaining a green card, submitting Form N-400, attending the biometrics appointment, passing the citizenship interview and exam, and finally taking the Oath of Allegiance—you can navigate the process more smoothly and avoid common pitfalls. Good luck on your path to American citizenship!